Selected Answer
Hello zacrock,
This situation/problem can be very frustrating.
The files which Excel says it has recovered are ones from when Excel or the computer crashed. If an Excel file is open and changes have not been saved when a crash happens, Excel will create a version of the file at the time of the crash.
These are recovered files not repaired files. These are files which Office/Excel created when Excel or the computer crashed. A crash can happen for a variety of reasons: software issue, corrupted file, power blip/outage or dead battery to name a few.
It's possible that the file contains links to other files which are not on the computer where it crashes.
It's possible that the computer doesn't have the resources (memory, CPU power) to handle the file.
You mention other spread sheets all run okay. This indicates this was an Excel file issue, not an Excel issue. If it was Excel itself, there would be issues with all workbooks, not just one particular file.
The only other suggestion I have (something which worked for me in the past) is to ignore the "recovered" files and simply open the file you originally selected. I have found "recovered" files can sometimes be problematic.
The reason you never got the recovered files on a different computer is because the recovered files are not on that computer.
Recovery files are stored at:
C:\Users\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Office\UnsavedFiles
Recovery files will have the extension: XLSB (binary format) or XLK. You need to find these files and delete all of them so Excel won't try to open them.
Once the files are deleted you should not get the "Recovered Files" pane.
If this information solves your problem please mark my answer as selected.
Cheers ;-)