Selected Answer
I entered this formula in A2 =TODAY() + ROW() and copied down to A13. Now the code below sets the filter, reads the set filter criteria and prints them to the Immediate window.
Private Sub GetFilter()
' 25 Oct 2019
Dim Ws As Worksheet
Dim Rng As Range
Dim Arr As Variant
Dim f As Integer
Set Ws = ActiveSheet
Set Rng = Ws.Range("$A$1:$A$13")
Rng.AutoFilter Field:=1, _
Operator:=xlFilterValues, _
Criteria1:=Array(2, "10/27/2019", 2, "10/28/2019", 2, "11/10/2019")
Arr = Ws.AutoFilter.Filters(1).Criteria1
For f = 1 To UBound(Arr)
Debug.Print f, Arr(f)
Next f
End Sub
Of course, you could skip the part of the code which sets the filter and just read the criteria which were set manually or by another macro. Observe, however, that the range must be known and that the first filter will be read if more than one filter is set for that range.
26 Oct 2019 - Edit in response to your further elucidation in the Discussion below.
The problem occurs because a date is a number which is displayed as a date string. Say, today is 26/10/2019 or 10/26/2019 - depending upon your regional settings. To Excel, however, today is 43764 which can be displayed in whichever format you choose. When you set the filter the text string (26/10/2019 or 10/26/2019) is added as filter criterium. Of course, that doesn't exist in your table and that causes the error, to wit, that a criterium is selected for filtering which doesn't exist in the list.
To work around this make sure that your dates are entered as strings, not as true dates.